YEAR

SCIENTIST(S)

ANIMAL(S) USED

CONTRIBUTIONS MADE

1901

von Behring

Guinea Pig

Development of diphtheria antiserum

1902

Ross

Pigeon

Understanding of malaria life cycle

1904

Pavlov

Dog

Animal responses to various stimuli

1905

Koch

Cow, Sheep

Studies of pathogenesis of tuberculosis

1906

Golgi, Cajal

Dog, Horse

Characterization of the central nervous system

1907

Laveran

Bird

Role of protozoa as cause of disease

1908

Mechnikov, Ehrlich

Bird, Fish, Guinea Pig

Immune reactions and functions of phagocytes

1910

Kossel

Bird

Knowledge of cell chemistry through work on proteins, including nuclear substances

1912

Carrel

Dog

Surgical advances in the suture and grafting of blood vessels

1913

Richet

Dog, Rabbit

Mechanisms of anaphylaxis

1919

Bordet

Guinea Pig, Horse, Rabbit

Mechanisms of immunity

1920

Krogh

Frog

Discovery of capillary motor regulating mechanism

1922

Hill

Frog

Consumption of oxygen and lactic acid metabolism in muscle

1923

Banting, Macleod

Dog, Rabbit, Fish

Discovery of insulin and mechanism of diabetes

1924

Einthoven

Dog

Mechanism of the electrocardiogram

1928

Nicolle

Monkey, Guinea Pig, Rat, Mouse

Pathogenesis of typhus

1929

Eijkman, Hopkins

Chicken

Discovery of antineuritic and growth stimulating vitamins

1932

Sherrington, Adrian

Dog, Cat

Functions of neurons

1934

Whipple, Murphy, Minot

Dog

Liver therapy for anemia

1935

Spemann

Newt, Frog

Organizer effect in embryonic development

1936

Dale, Loewi

Cat, Frog, Bird, Reptile

Chemical transmission of nerve impulses

1938

Heymans

Dog

Role of the sinus and aortic mechanisms in regulation of respiration

1939

Domagk

Mouse, Rabbit

Antibacterial effects of prontosil

1943

Dam, Doisy

Rat, Dog, Chick, Mouse

Discovery of function of Vitamin K

1944

Erlanger, Gasser

Cat

Specific functions of nerve cells

1945

Fleming, Chain, Florey

Mouse

Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases

1947

Cori, Cori, Houssay

Frog, Toad, Dog

Catalytic conversion glycogen; role of pituitary in sugar metabolism

1949

Hess, Moniz

Cat

Functional organization of the brain as a coordinator of internal organs

1950

Kendall, Hench, Reichstein

Cow

Antiarthritic role of adrenal hormones

1951

Theiler

Monkey, Mouse

Development of yellow fever vaccine

1952

Waksman

Guinea Pig

Discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis

1953

Krebs, Lipmann

Pigeon

Characterization of the citric acid cycle

1954

Enders, Weller, Robbins

Monkey, Mouse

Culture of poliovirus that led to development of vaccine

1955

Theorell

Horse

Nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes

1957

Bovet

Dog, Rabbit

Production of synthetic compounds and their action on the vascular system and skeletal muscles

1960

Burnet, Medawar

Rabbit

Understanding of acquired immunological tolerance

1961

von Bekesy

Guinea Pig

Physical mechanism of stimulation in the cochlea

1963

Eccles, Hodgkin, Huxley

Cat, Frog, Squid, Crab

Ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane

1964

Block, Lynen

Rat

Regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism

1966

Rous, Huggins

Rat, Rabbit, Hen

Tumor-inducing viruses and hormonal treatment of cancer

1967

Hartline, Granit, Wald

Chicken, Rabbit, Fish, Crab

Primary physiological and chemical processes of vision

1968

Holley, Khorana, Nirenberg

Rat

Interpretation of genetic code and its role in protein synthesis

1970

Katz, von Euler, Axelrod

Cat, Rat

Mechanism of storage and release of nerve transmitters

1971

Sutherland

Mammalian Liver

Mechanism of the actions of hormones

1972

Edelman, Porter

Guinea Pig, Rabbit

Chemical structure of antibodies

1973

von Frisch, Lorenz, Tinbergen

Bee, Bird, Fish

Organization of social and behavior patterns in animals

1974

de Duve, Palade, Claude

Chicken, Guinea Pig, Rat

Structural and functional organization of cells

1975

Baltimore, Dulbecco, Temin

Monkey, Horse, Chicken, Mouse

Interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material

1976

Blumberg, Gajdusek

Chimpanzee

New mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of diseases

1977

Gullemin, Schally, Yalow

Sheep, Pig

Hypothalamic hormones

1979

Cormack, Hounsfield

Pig

Development of computer assisted tomography (CAT scan)

1980

Benacerraf, Dausset, Snell

Mouse, Guinea Pig

Identification of histocompatability antigens and mechanism of action

1981

Sperry, Hubell, Wiesel

Cat, Monkey

Processing of visual information by the brain

1982

Bergstrom, Samuelsson, Vane

Rat, Rabbit, Guinea Pig

Discovery of prostaglandins

1984

Millstone, Kochler, Jerne

Mouse

Techniques of monoclonal antibody formation

1986

Levi-Montalcini, Cohen

Mouse, Chick, Snake

Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor

1987

Tonegawa

Mouse embryo

Discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity

1989

Varmus, Bishop

Chicken

Cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes

1990

Murray, Thomas

Dog

Organ transplantation techniques

1991

Neher, Sakmann

Frog

Chemical communication between cells

1995

Lewis, Nusslein-Volhard, Wieschaus

Fruit Fly

Genetic control of early embryonic development

1996

Doherty, Zinjernagel

Mouse

Recognition of virus-infected cells by the immune system

1997

Prusiner

Mouse, Hamster

Discovery of prions, a new biological principle of infection

1998

Fuchgott, Ignarro, Murad

Rabbit

Regulating blood pressure with nitric oxide (NO)

1999

Blobel

Mouse, Rat, Dog

Discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell

2000

Carlsson, Greengard, Kandel

Sea Slug, Mouse

Discoveries in signal transduction in the nervous system